Deciphering Solar Magnetic Activity: 140 Years of the ‘Extended Solar Cycle’ – Mapping the Hale Cycle

Abstract We investigate the occurrence of “extended solar cycle” (ESC) as it occurs in a host observational data spanning 140 years. Investigating coronal, chromospheric, photospheric, and interior diagnostics, we develop consistent picture activity migration linked to 22-year Hale (magnetic) cycle using superposed epoch analysis (SEA) previously identified termination events key time for SEA. Our shows that ESC cycle, highlighted by terminator-keyed SEA, is strongly recurrent throughout entire record studied, some Applying same SEA method sunspot confirms Maunder’s butterfly pattern subset underlying suggesting production sunspots not fundamental feature but is. The (and cycle) highlights importance $55^{\circ }$ 55 ? latitude evolution, possible production, magnetism.